Essay on Obedience - 1004 Words

Erin Poulsen ACP W131 Mr. Scanlan 19 October, 2015 Comparative Critique Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the â€Å"teacher† must shock the â€Å"learner† every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administer killing shocks when told to by an authority figure. Another well-known experiment is the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo. A group of college boys were separated into two groups, prison guards and prisoners, and were put†¦show more content†¦Dalrymple then discusses the struggle to obey or disobey and that blind disobedience seems like a noble stance but isn’t always the correct way to deal with things. He then goes further in depth by examining the roots of blind disobedience an d other key aspects. Fromm states that obedience to authority is submission in certain situations, and Dalrymple expands on that idea by identifying an example where submission obedience is used. Fromm and Dalrymple oppose each other in the topic of the roots of disobedience. Fromm believes disobedience has come through history, while Dalrymple believes that disobedience begins in childhood. Fromm believes that there are various types of obedience, one of them applying to authority and power. Fromm defines these types of obedience, stating â€Å"Obedience to a person, institution or power (heteronomous obedience) is submission; it implies the abdication of my autonomy and the acceptance of a foreign will or judgement in place of my own† (Fromm 228). Fromm claims that obedience to any authority, whether it is a person or institution, is called heteronomous obedience. He claims that heteronomous obedience is submission because a person follows orders and accepts the authority ’s judgement in place of their own. The obedience is considered submission and not free will because the obedience suppresses one’s self for a higher power. Dalrymple also agrees with Fromm’s definition of heteronomous obedience andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Obedience755 Words   |  4 PagesObedience is the process by which individuals comply with the instructions given by an authority figure not to be confused with conformity. There is one similarity between obedience and conformity which is that both involved a renunciation Of personal responsibility. There is three differences between Obedience and Conformity. The first one is that in Obedience an order or an instruction is given whereas no instructions or order is given in conformity. The second one is that in obedience thereRead MoreMilgram s Research On Obedience Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Milgram decide to study this topic? What was the motivating factor/event that inspired Milgram to research obedience? †¢ The main reason that Milgram decided to study the topic of obedience was to better understand the extreme inhumane conditions that Jews faced during the holocaust at the hands of German soldiers. Over the 12 year period between the early 1930’s through the mid 1940’s millions of Jews died in death camps run by Germans. Since Milgram himself was of Jewish descent, MilgramRead MoreAuthority Is A Fundamental Part Of Life Essay2069 Words   |  9 Pagesuse authority to maintain order and obedience throughout communities. Parents possess characteristics of authority in order to teach children right from wrong. As well as, teachers are considered authority figures since they need to control and maintain obedience in the classroom. Authority cannot exist without obedience. Society is developed on this notion. Without authority, and its required obedience, disorder and disruption would occur. But how much obedience to authority is necessary? When isRead MoreAnalysis Of Just Do What The Pilot Tells You831 Words   |  4 PagesDalrymple, is a British physician who discusses why blind obedience is discouraged. His article, â€Å" Just Do What the Pilot Tells You†, was first published in the New Statesman. In this specific article, he touches on points in our lives when we are supposed to do what we are told. Disobedience is when a person chooses to disobey some sort of order they were directed to do. The main point that the author is trying to make is that neither obedience or disobedience should be more prominent than the otherRead MoreObedience : Obedience And Obedience1997 Words   |  8 PagesOBEDIENCE Obedience can be described as an action exhibited by an individual as a result of direct command or order from another person who is normally in position of authority. Obedience take place when an authority figure ask a person to do something, this usually entails people with status, that is, someone giving the command has to be above the person the order is being given to. Everyday Examples of Obedience Obedience plays a vital role in everyday life; it is an expectation for people to obeyRead MoreA Study On Obedience And The Obedience1178 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to do a study on the obedience to an authority figure, and the obedience is a situationist experiment that evidences what happened the real life (Badhwar, 2009). Milgram’s idea was the Holocaust situation and the Nazis who had the authority over European Jews, during World War II, when the Nazi killed thousands of people because they had power, as well as how lived Nazis enemies in the death camps. The point of the research was people behavior in the obedience situation, and Holocaust situationRead MoreHow To Train Your Dog Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesdog, create a job for him to do such as pulling the kids around the yard in a cart. Practice Your dog is well-exercised and he understands that he needs to refer to you, so now is the time to teach commands. When you begin teaching your dog obedience commands, it will take practice. First, verbalize the command and attempt to get the dog to obey without any touching. For example, if you are teaching â€Å"sit†, you can draw the treat in a straight line form the top of the head. The dog will naturallyRead MoreDog Training The Easy Way817 Words   |  4 Pagesrecommend them, your friends can recommend them, websites such as Angie s list can recommend them. There are many questions you ll probably have for the trainer, but here are a few to bear in mind: What you want your dog to be able to do? Simple obedience is light years from therapy dog training which is a perhaps smaller journey from bomb identification and disposal. Make sure your perspective trainer has experience with your desired outcome. Can you take part? Training where you and your dog learnRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause there was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his useRead MoreObedience Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesObedience In this essay I am going to write on how obedience can affect individuals on how they would normally behave and integrate in society. The meaning of Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. (McLeod, 2007) Migram (1963) conducted a study on how obedient a person would be to an authority

Analyzing Elements Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors...

Introduction This research paper discusses components of Job Dissatisfaction (chapter 3). Based upon research, the paper will analyze elements of organizational citizenship behaviors and personality-job fit theory. In addition, the paper introduces factors that organizations and employees can consider to reduce job dissatisfaction, or improve job satisfaction. Job Dissatisfaction Job satisfaction is the positive feeling about a job in evaluating characteristics, interactions, and dynamics (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 79). Conversely, job dissatisfaction occurs when employees have a negative feeling about a job whether it is a dislike for the organizational culture or a job-personality mismatch. Warning signs of job dissatisfaction are negative employee behaviors such as decrease productivity, increase absenteeism, and increase turnover (Stretch, 2009a, s.16). These factors coupled with withdrawn employees, reward misallocation, and poor employee attitudes can increase costs for firms (Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, Blume, 2009, p. 123). Moreover, job-personality mismatches can lead to employee dissatisfaction and higher turnover, and high customer dissatisfaction can cause employee dissatisfaction (Robbins Judge, 2009, pp. 83). To stem the tides of job dissatisfaction, employers that offer training, challenge assignments, increase auto nomy, and use predictability can enhance employee satisfaction (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 84). In addition, firms thatShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreA Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behavior8131 Words   |  33 PagesA Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behavior: Integrating a Half Century of Behavior Research Gary Yukl Angela Gordon University at Albany, Tom Taber State University of New York, Albany, NY A major problem leadership research and has been lack of agreement about which theory behavior categories are relevant and meaningful. It is difficult to integrate findings from five decades of research unless the many diverse leadership behaviors can be integrated in a parsimonious and meaningfulRead MoreThe Foundation of Curriculum2572 Words   |  11 Pagesthe methods to be used in the process (English, 2000). The educative experiences learners have in an educational program. The purpose of which is to achieve broad goals and related specific objectives that have been developed within a framework of theory and research, past and present professional practice, and the changing needs of society (Parkay, 2006). †¢ 3. Concept of Curriculum A systematic group of courses or sequence of subjects required for graduation or certification in a major field ofRead MoreImpact of Rewards on Employee Performance in Banking Sector9390 Words   |  38 Pagesperformance. Review of literature will sustain and credible this study. The data will be collected through different bank branches in Lahore. The sample size will be more than hundred. Questioner technique will be used for the collection of data. For analyzing result the regression analysis will be used. Research question: 1: how do the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards influence the employee performance in banking sector? 2: To discovered banking employer’s judgment about the intrinsic and extrinsic rewardsRead MorePortfolio for Organizational Behavior17518 Words   |  71 PagesINTRODUCTION The portfolio describes the business implementations of the concepts we learnt in the Organizational Behaviour [MGMT 5100] course. The course enabled us to understand and learn how the organisations work and what key considerations a manager should take care of while managing different people. It also provided us the opportunity to understand ourselves through Concrete Experiences and Reflective Observations of various concepts. It also explains how human behaviour differs based onRead MoreTanglewood Casebook19453 Words   |  78 Pagesbe a workforce of committed, qualified individuals who will help carry the Tanglewood philosophy into the future. Competition and Industry[1] The Tanglewood Department Store chain operates in the nondurable general retail industry, which fits into industry 452100 as classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). This industry engages in the sale of consumer goods including clothing, small appliances, electronics, and other housewares. The retail industry accountsRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesto diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate youRead MoreA Study on Employee Job Satisfaction11197 Words   |  45 PagesDESIGN 1.1 INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction in regards to one’s feeling or state of mind regarding nature of their work. Job can be influenced by variety of factors like quality of one’s relationship with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been defined variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a person’sRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPlanning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Factors in Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Time Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Collecting and Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Levels of Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Accountability . . . . . . . . .Read MoreCustomer Is Not Always Right13057 Words   |  53 Pagesother employees about company and they are customers who always makes hurdle for company and so on and so forth, and we might encounter some of them that will scream at you or some will just be okay. Some of them will down your principle, even your personality or we can say that some of them are just over reacting to the point that they are already below their belt. They misbehave because they know that the management does not want to lose them. Customers are used to tell the famous slogan in any business

“to the Reader” Analysis Free Essays

â€Å"To The Reader† Analysis The never-ending circle of continuous sin and fallacious repentance envelops the poem â€Å"To the Reader† by Baudelaire. The beginning of this poem discusses the incessant dark vices of mankind which eclipse any attempt at true redemption. As the poem progresses, the dreariness becomes heavier by mentioning the Devil and demons, and how Hell is the final stop of everyone’s journey. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"to the Reader† Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ending stanza says the most dangerous of all actions is boredom. This proposition that boredom is the most unruly thing one can do insinuates that Baudelaire views boredom as a gate way to all horrible things a person can do. The first thing one reads is the title, â€Å"To the Reader. † With this, Baudelaire is not just singling out any individuals or a certain group of people. â€Å"Folly, error, sin and parsimony,† (1) everyone possesses these vices, and that is who Baudelaire is addressing. A religious aspect is introduced in lines 5 through 7 stating that although we repent and confess, our sins are obstinate and our repentance feeble because soon after we are back to our wicked ways. Many religions, such as Christianity and Islam, believe that there is a joyous afterlife for those who have led a righteous lifestyle and have atoned for their sins. However, Baudelaire dismantles this comfort by implying that we repent because we â€Å"Believ[e] our base tears can wash away the stains [our sins]† (8). Even with the hint of a religious tone, Baudelaire is still talking to those without a religious affiliation, for no one is perfect and has not apologized for an act they were not sorry they committed. In class, it was argued that this poem is not actually a religious work because it has no hope and that it is, in fact, just about human nature; I believe it is about both. It is human nature to express regret towards those we have wronged, whether Christian, Muslim, Atheist, or any other denomination. However, those with a religious affiliation are hypocrites; preaching that we must all be without sin and have faith in and obey their respected deity. They, such as Christians, demonstrate hypocrisy through participating in sins themselves. They think ill thoughts against those who believe something else – judging; speak poorly of others to their friends – gossiping; confess that they did not mean what they said or did – lying. Although we may try to live better with each passing day, our evilness has a stronger resolve. Baudelaire writes â€Å"On the pillow of evil Satan Trismegistus / Cradles at length our enchanted soul† (9 10) â€Å"It is in hateful objects that we find peace / Each day, one step further towards Hell† (14 15). In these four lines, Baudelaire is suggesting that we do unholy or immoral things without noticing; continuing to entertain Gluttony, Pride, or Lust without a second thought, and that our souls are the Devil’s price. There are different levels of intensity to all sins; telling a white lie every now and again is far better than taking another’s life every now and again. For some, the thought of murdering or raping someone is atrocious, nevertheless Baudelaire believes that If rape and poison, arson and the knife Have not yet women their pleasant designs On the dull canvas of our lowly destinies It is because our soul, alas, is not yet bold enough. (25-28) The Christian religion is hinted here again by the use of women; it was Eve that introduced sin to mankind by eating the forbidden fruit, the pleasant design of sin. These lines are suggesting that appalling crimes are thought about and can be conducted by all, but only the strong willed are able to carry them out. Of all the horrible acts one can commit, Baudelaire suggests that there is one that is most heinous above all the rest, and that is boredom. Baudelaire states that Boredom is â€Å"more ugly, evil, [and] fouler than the rest† (33). Being in a state of boredom can lead to all types of malice and immoral thoughts. When you have time to think, memories of how someone wronged you may appear and you may decide to do wrong back unto him, or perhaps going to the club may seem like a nice way to meet with someone to relieve you of your boredom, etc. Boredom is not just failing to find something to do, but that you are tired of doing the same stuff over and over again. If one is bored of going to church and hearing the gospel, they could always decide to follow a different religion or drop it altogether. Who can say they are without sin, completely wholly, and truly deserving of a divine afterlife? As previously stated, some believers can be considered hypocrites. People are always preaching that one must practice a better way of living, yet they are deaf to their own sermon. Sin is practiced by all, even those who believe themselves to be above it. Unfortunately, to cast away sin is to cast away human nature, which cannot be done, and as long as boredom lingers around, sin will always follow. How to cite â€Å"to the Reader† Analysis, Essay examples

Management Issues Of A Reputed Company †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Management Issues Of A Reputed Company? Answer: Introduction The case study deals with the management issues of a reputed company. The company considered for this report is Dominos Pizza. The case study is entirely based upon Media investigation reports. Dominos is an US based organisation having branches in Australia. Dominos Pizza is listed on the Australian stock market. The performance of organization is best in Australian market. The organisational share price has been constantly raising and has achieved 2500% of its original IPO, ranking the organization among the best in the Australian market. Report was been stated by the organisation that it has generated a total revenue of approx $939,976,000 in 2016. This is enough for comprehending that the organisation is performing well and is earning a considerable amount of profit. Back ground The business of Dominos is been built for selling pizza at an affordable price to the common mass of people. Business model of the organisation is based on the sales growth of franchisee. The business model is not based on profit structure. As the organisation is based on franchisee therefore the head office of Dominos collects royalty from the franchisee for each sale. The organisation is selling around 1million pizzas per week. Therefore, it is the largest franchisee of Dominos. The organisation have the rights of franchising as well as operation of the brand is been conducted in Australia, France, New Zealand and in other parts of the world. The organisation is holding numerous agreements for Master Franchisee for operating the brand globally. Around 1900 stores are been operates as well as franchised by the organisation. The organisation plans for opening new stores to increase sale as well as cope up with the existing sales. The acquisition forecast is been linked with rapid exp ansion of stores. Besides, being an industry leader the organisation is gaining share in the markets of Australia and New Zealand. The organisation is having a rapid expansion plan globally. Franchisee are been selected by the organisation very carefully as they will help the company in earning more profit. The end markets are been established by the franchisee. The bottom line of the organisation is doubling on one hand and on the other hand, the price of pizza is to be decreased as high competition was faced by the organisation from the other organisation in the same industry. Meji, the CEO of the organisation having business-oriented mindset up has the goal of establishing as well as developing entrepreneurial aim for constructing innovativeness. The organisation is facing numerous challenges in form of major and minor issues. CEO believed that the negative situations can be turned to positive situations and this is the only way of sorting out the issues faced by the organisation (Hanks 2015). The organisational CEO asked the managers for focusing to objectives for long term as well as goals for short term. Challenges faced by the organisation The organisation is facing many challenges while operating the business. The challenges can be classified as the major challenges and the minor challenges. The major challenges incorporates is the leadership style of the organisation. The leadership style followed in the organisation needs to be changed. The organisation follows the style of autocracy. Therefore, the top-level management acts like dictator, which can have negative effect on the employees. According to the organisational CEO Meji, the top-level management has to act like dictator for the interests of their teams. Dictator leadership will help them in maintain the franchises as well. The franchisees are been called to headquarter of the organisation for their unlawful conduct. Dominos after auditing their franchisees stores found that some of the franchisees have dine fraud regarding the payment to their employees. The franchisee reports as the organisation is following dictatorial leadership in order to gain profit fr om their business therefore, franchisee has to suffer huge loss in their business. The franchisee therefore, chose the path of cutting the cost of employees in order to save themselves from the huge losses. The organisation for competing with the other companies in same industries is aiming to decrease their rte of products, which made the franchisee to confront difficulties in order to carry their business. Therefore, it can be said in a clear statement that the dictatorial leadership is liable for franchisees and employees a huge pile of challenges. The dictatorial style of leadership should immediately changed to transformational style of leadership in order to regain the stable position of the organisation. The other challenges faced due to the dictatorial leadership is that the organisation CEO Meji in order to change the negative situation to a positive one has imposed the increased in labour costs up to 100% as the working hours of the employees was been increased (Goons and Gallos 2013). This certainly yields in speedy delivery to the customers and efficient working of the staffs but the franchises were facing great difficulty in clearing the wages of employees. The organisation imposed legislations on the working conditions of the employees. The other major problem faced by the organisation is the de-motivation of the employees. The workers working under the franchisees were not at happy. The unhappiness is due to the wages under payment and cutting the wages of workers in an illegal way. The de-motivation of employees can be described with the help of Maslow Hierarchy of needs. Once the workers have fulfilled their fundamental needs, which are nourishment, protect then they would ensure where their occupation is secured. In the event that they are guaranteed that their employments will not be lost and the organization needs where the social requirements are been met. This implies making new companions coexisting with partners and functioning as a group together, which will take care of the issue of deferred creating and conveying to the client. Cooperating to meet the objective speedier than anticipated and get motivations from the diligent work sent into the work through collaboration. At that point, they go for regard needs, which are acknowledgment, notoriety and consideration, any some more (Niemela and Kim 2014). At that point finally is self-completion where he or she needs more obligations and needs everybody to believe him or her. The safety of the employees were also not been guaranteed and the psychological requirements of the employees were also not been satisfied. The employees have to work in front of high temperature oven for long hours and they do not receive any break within their working hours. The minor problem consists of decision-making structure of the organisation. In Dominos CEO is responsible for taking any sort of decisions. This type of decision-making structure is obsolete in recent era. Organisation should follow the transformational decision-making structure as it will help in having good leadership styles and suitable decisions can be taken (Moriano et al. 2014). Another problem is with the reward system. The reward system needs more modification in order to motivate the employees for their job. Solutions to the challenges In light of the issues recognized as stated above, Domino's pizza requires for implementing mechanism to utilise circumstance at the organization. These issues must be solved if organization needs to stay in business market. While best techniques may be absent to take care of the issues at the Domino, management may need to execute the accompanying to conquer the difficulties talked about above. Poor conditions for working, for example, inordinate heat and additionally long hours of working can be comprehended by implementing more ventilation in workplaces in different chain stores with the goal that employees can get natural air and heating level is controlled (Flamholtz and Randle 2012). Technologies, for example, fan and indoor regulator might be introduced to enhance the condition. Long hours of working for the employees and therefore poor balance of work-life can be tackled by building up adaptable working frameworks where workers can work for total number of hours for a week or month and still get their compensation in light of the quantity of hours worked. The organization should provide motivating forces like incentives other than budgetary prizes to support the confidence of employees and increment their efficiency without making everybody in organization heat and make pizza including the CEO and other staff who might not have correct learning (Moynihan 2013). Competition can be fathomed by organization through different measures and limiting on creation costs whereas augmenting on all that bottom line. It can likewise be explained by distinguishing competitive advantage e.g. utilizing of advanced technology, staff training and enhancing the nature of pizza with the goal that clients would incline toward Domino's pizza rather than the pizza made by other firms in other organisation (Rossett 2012). Recommendations The circumstance of the organisation is not the same as there pizza chain stores goes on quality worsening with the consistency. In addition, accordingly, if not rescued, the business may very well fall (He, Zha and Li 2013). After analysing the case, there are various things, which the organization should start doing appropriately to maintain their notoriety and draw in client unwaveringness without lowering the costs of pizza, which they give. Leadership style of the organizational CEO or executive is utilizing appears to be out of extent, as there exists misguidance as well as staffs and employees misleading. The authority style of practice should be altered from dictatorial style to transformational leadership keeping in mind the end goal to changes the entire point of view of the organization (Long et al. 2014). There requires benchmarks and instructional courses for top management and workers to give the pith of organization mission and vision explanations and furthermore moral conduct. The organization ought to build up a solid corporate culture that must be conveyed down to the workers to alter their reasoning and keep them for long in the organization. Basic leadership in the organization ought not to rest upon the CEO alone and should be consulted and include different pioneers, for example, the practical leaders of the divisions in the chain stores. I additionally suggest audit of the income models and general organization destinations, which can be cascaded to singular labourers in every one of the stores. Reference List Flamholtz, E.G. and Randle, Y., 2012.Growing pains: Transitioning from an entrepreneurship to a professionally managed firm. NJ: John Wiley Sons. Gonos, J. and Gallo, P., 2013. Model for leadership style evaluation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,18(2), pp.157-168. Hanks, S.H., 2015. The organization life cycle: Integrating content and process.Journal of Small Business Strategy,1(1), pp.1-12. He, W., Zha, S., and Li, L., 2013. Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry. International Journal of Information Management, 33(3), 464-472. Long, C.S., Yusof, W.M.M., Kowang, T.O. and Heng, L.H., 2014. The impact of transformational leadership style on job satisfaction.World Applied Sciences Journal,29(1), pp.117-124. Moriano, J.A., Molero, F., Topa, G. and Mangin, J.P.L., 2014. The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(1), pp.103-119. Moynihan, D.P., 2013. Does public service motivation lead to budget maximization? Evidence from an experiment.International Public Management Journal,16(2), pp.179-196. Niemela, P. and Kim, S., 2014. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 3843-3846). Springer Netherlands. Rossett, A., 2012.The ASTD e-learning handbook: Best practices, strategies, and case studies for an emerging field. Boston: McGraw-Hill Trade.